What Is A CDL? From A To Z Explanation For Beginners

Your journey to the world of commercial driving starts with the essential foundation – a CDL license. But what is a CDL? It is a license needed to operate large vehicles, such as trucks, buses, and other commercial vehicles in the United States. Whether you are dreaming of operating trucks, transporting goods across state lines, or driving a bus for school, a CDL is your key to turning your dreams into reality. Therefore, this post will help you understand everything about a CDL, from its definition, and classification, to requirements and application process. Keep reading to obtain this license and step closer to endless opportunities in the commercial trucking industry!

What is a CDL?

A CDL, or Commercial Driver’s License, is a specialized license used in the United States for the operation of heavy-duty or specialty vehicles. These vehicles include but are not limited to trucks, buses, trailers, and any vehicle intended to transport hazardous materials or carry more than 16 passengers. Without a CDL, you are nearly impossible to enter the commercial driving industry in the United States. While a CDL comes with several requirements and great responsibilities, it opens doors to a rewarding and successful career. 

What is a CDL?
What is a CDL?

When is a CDL required?

A CDL is required to operate any of the following types of vehicles in the United States:

  • Vehicles with a Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR) of 26,001 pounds or more: These are usually large trucks or heavy-duty vehicles for freight or commercial purposes.
  • Vehicles manufactured to transport 16 or more passengers, including the driver: These would be buses, shuttles, and all larger-capacity passenger-carrying vehicles.
  • Vehicles transporting hazardous materials: If the cargo being hauled is required to be placarded under 49 CFR Part 172, Subpart F, then a CDL with the proper endorsement is required.

However, not all vehicles fall within the ambit of these regulations. The following are some examples of those vehicles that do not require a CDL:

  • Recreational vehicles such as motorhomes used for personal trips.
  • Military vehicles driven by active members of the armed services.
  • Firefighting equipment while being operated to drive to an emergency.
  • Emergency snow plows involved in snow removal emergencies.
  • Farm vehicles driven by farmers, provided the operation of such vehicles is within a 150-mile radius of the farm.
When is a CDL required
When is a CDL required?

Knowing when you need a CDL is crucial to staying compliant with the law and pursuing a career in commercial driving. 

Different types of CDL

Based on the variety and weight of the vehicle, the CDL license is divided into three categories, Class A, Class B, and Class C. Each class unlocks a very specific door for driving opportunities.

Class A CDL

Different types of CDL
Different types of CDL

A Class A CDL allows the operation of any combination vehicles with a GCWR of 26,001 pounds or more, given that the towed vehicle weighs more than 10,000 pounds. It is normally used for semi-trucks, a combination of trucks and trailers, and other heavyweight haulers. With a Class A CDL, you will also be qualified to drive vehicles in Classes B and C, which will make this license the most versatile for drivers of commercial vehicles.

For more detailed requirements and opportunities of this Class, refer to our post on Class A CDL.

Class B CDL

Class B CDL
Class B CDL

Class B licenses are for single vehicles with a GVWR of 26,001 pounds or more or those towing other vehicles with a weight of less than 10,000 pounds. Examples include big buses, straight trucks, and dump trucks. This license will suit those wanting to drive within the city limits and/or carry cargo that doesn’t involve extremely heavy or highly specialized equipment.

Learn more about specific requirements for the Class B CDL.

Class C CDL

Class C CDL
Class C CDL

A Class C CDL applies to a vehicle designed to transport hazardous materials or 16 or more passengers. Examples would be small buses and vehicles hauling hazardous materials. This is less common but pertinent in specific industries.

Refer to our post on Class C CDL to know more about the requirements and career opportunities for this type of license. 

What are the CDL endorsement codes?

CDL endorsements are required to add to your CDL/CLP license, allowing drivers to operate unique commercial vehicles. By passing the required testing for each endorsement, you demonstrate your knowledge and skills in performing specialized commercial driving tasks. Following are the six main CDL endorsements with their codes:

  • Double and Triple Trailers (T): For drivers hauling combination vehicles with two or three trailers, this endorsement will ensure you have the higher level of skill needed to manage such combinations safely.
  • Tank Vehicle (N): If you plan to haul large liquid or gaseous cargo, you will need to obtain a tank vehicle endorsement. This indicates that you are aware of the dangers involved in moving bulk liquids.
  • Passenger Vehicles (P): This endorsement is mandatory for driving a vehicle used to transport 16 or more passengers, such as a bus or shuttle. It represents your awareness of the safety and comfort of all your passengers.
  • Hazardous Materials (H): It is a must to earn a HazMat endorsement before being allowed to transport hazardous materials. To add this endorsement, beyond written and skills tests, you must undergo a Transportation Security Administration (TSA) background check. 
  • Combination of Hazardous Materials and Tank Vehicle (X): The X endorsement combines the skills for both tank vehicles and hazardous materials. It is a must for those who transport liquid or gaseous hazardous materials.
  • School Bus (S): Applied for drivers in school transportation, this endorsement is a seal that you can safely operate school buses while keeping your passengers, mainly children, secure.
What are the CDL endorsement codes?
What are the CDL endorsement codes?

What are CDL license requirements?

To earn a CDL, you are required to meet certain requirements related to age, documentation, medical fitness, training, testing, and more to assure safety and competency on the road. Here is a breakdown of the key CDL requirements you should expect:

  • Meet the minimum age: You must be at least 18 years old to operate commercial vehicles in your home state (intrastate driving). To drive interstate or transport hazardous materials, you are obliged to be at least 21 years old. 
  • Have a valid driver’s license: Before applying for a CDL, you must have a valid, non-commercial driver’s license issued by your state. This is proof that you have basic driving experience and the potential to follow the safety rules on the road.
  • Verify identity and residency: You will be required to provide documentation proving your:
    • Full name and date of birth.
    • Lawful presence in the U.S.
    • Residency in your state.
  • Provide your Social Security Number (SSN): You will be required to give a valid Social Security Number to process your application for a CDL.
  • Maintain a clean driving record: To apply for a CDL, you should have a clean driving record where:
    • You have had no recent major traffic violations or any disqualifying offenses.
    • Your record should show you are a safe and responsible driver.
  • Undergo a DOT medical examination: You are required to:
    • Have a physical by a qualified medical professional.
    • Get a Medical Examiner’s Certificate (MEC) to confirm your physical qualification to operate commercial vehicles.
  • Obtain a Commercial Learner’s Permit (CLP): To be eligible for a CDL, you must:
    • Pass the required written knowledge tests behind your CLP.
    • Maintain the CLP for no less than 14 consecutive days before you take the skills test.
  • Complete Entry-Level Driver Training (ELDT).
  • Pass the CDL skills test: Pass all three parts of the CDL skills test for the CDL Class and endorsement you apply for.
  • Pay the required fees: Every state has its own fee structure for the entire application and testing process for getting a CDL. Be prepared to pay for whatever is required.
What are CDL license requirements?
CDL license requirements

How to get CDL

The journey to getting a CDL involves several steps, from meeting eligibility requirements and applying, to training and testing. Here is how you get started:

Step 1. Begin at your state’s DMV

Visit the nearest DMV to start your application process for your CDL. Make sure you have prepared the following:

  • Meeting the eligibility criteria required by your state.
  • Deciding the class of the vehicle you want to operate.
  • Gathering documentation to prove your identity, residence, and your valid driver’s license.

Step 2. Certify driving operation

Declare your driving type, interstate or intrastate, non-excepted or excepted. For non-excepted driving, please note that you have to undergo a medical examination from an approved medical facility and obtain an MEC.

Step 3. Earn your CLP

You have to obtain a CLP to be allowed to practice driving with a real commercial vehicle under the supervision of a qualified driver. To get a CLP, you must pass one or more of the following written tests:

  • General knowledge test: Mandatory for all applicants.
  • Air brakes test: Mandatory for driving a vehicle with the air brake system.
  • Combination vehicles test: Mandatory for driving Class A CDL vehicles.
  • Specific-endorsement tests: Mandatory for adding endorsements.

Each test requires 80% correct answer to pass. Prepare and practice is crucial to ensure your success.

Take the CDL practice tests now!

Step 4. Complete ELDT programm

You must have specialized training before going to the next level. The ELDT programs approved by FMCSA will give you theoretical and practical knowledge regarding the safe handling of commercial vehicles.

Step 5. Pass the CDL skills test

The CDL skills test covers three key practical areas of competency:

  • Pre-trip inspection: Prove your capability of checking the safety of your vehicle.
  • Basic control skills: Demonstrate your ability to manipulate the vehicles in complex situations.
  • On-the-road driving: Prove your ability to drive safely in real-world situations. 

Step 6. Get your CDL

Submit all test results, remaining documents, and required fees to your state’s licensing office. Once your application is approved, you will officially be a licensed commercial driver. 

For more detailed guidance, check our post on How to get a CDL.

How to get a CDL
Get your CDL

FAQs

1. What does CDL stand for?

CDL stands for Commercial Driver’s License, a special license required to operate a commercial motor vehicle, such as trucks, buses, and trailers.

2. What is the non-domicile CDL?

A non-domicile CDL is a CDL that a state issues to individuals not domiciled in that state while meeting the federal and state requirements. This is typically utilized by a non-US citizen or individuals residing temporarily in the U.S. for employment. 

3. Do I have to retake my CDL test if I move to another state?

It depends on the requirements of your new state. Generally, you will not have to retake your CDL test if your license is valid. However, some states require additional testing or retraining. You normally need to transfer your CDL to the new state within 30-60 days of establishing residency.

4. What happens if you get caught driving a commercial vehicle without a CDL?

Driving a commercial vehicle without a CDL may lead to severe punishments such as:

  • Fines for the driver and employer.
  • Points on your driving record.
  • Possible 60-day of disqualification for two violations within three years, and 120-day of disqualification for three or more violations within that period.

5. What is the biggest box truck you can drive without a CDL?

You can drive a box truck with a maximum GVWR of 26,000 lbs without a CDL. Any vehicle over this weight requires a CDL license. 

6. Can you keep your CDL without a medical card?

Yes, but only under certain circumstances. You may not need a medical card to retain your CDL by simply certifying your driving operation as excepted driving. For example, operating under an exemption such as government, school, or personal use. If your driving operation falls under non-excepted driving, a valid MEC is required. Failure to maintain your medical certification may result in a downgraded CDL privilege for non-excepted driving.

7. Can you have a CDL with type 2 diabetes?

Yes, you can have a CDL with type 2 diabetes, but you will have to manage your condition effectively and pass the DOT medical exam. If insulin-dependent, you will need to include additional doctor’s paperwork.

8. Can a CDL driver under 21 drive out of state?

No, CDL drivers under the age of 21 are restricted to intrastate driving. 

9. Do you need CDL for a 26ft box truck?

It depends on the GVWR of the truck. If it is 26,000 lbs or less, no CDL is required. However, if it weighs more, you will need at least a Class B CDL.

10. What is wig wag CDL?

A wig-wag is a low-air-pressure warning device attached to the air brake system in a commercial vehicle. It warns the driver in case of a drop of air pressure below the minimum levels-usually less than 60 PSI.

11. Do you need a CDL to be a diesel mechanic?

No, you do not need a CDL to become a diesel mechanic. However, it can be helpful to test drive commercial vehicles after repairs.

12. Can I buy a semi-truck without CDL?

Yes, you can buy a semi-truck without a CDL. However, you will not be allowed to operate it legally on public roads without the required license.

13. Do I need a CDL to pull a 14,000 lb trailer?

It depends. If the combined GVWR of your vehicle and trailer is over 26,000 lbs, you will be required to obtain a Class A CDL. 

14. Do I need a CDL to pull a gooseneck trailer for personal use?

No, you are not required to have a CDL while towing a gooseneck trailer for non-commercial driving purposes and the GCWR does not exceed 26,000 lbs.

15. How long of a trailer can I tow without a CDL?

The length of a trailer is not important. It is the gross combined weight of the vehicle and trailer that is at issue. If it is less than 26,000 lbs GCWR, no CDL is required.

16. Do you need a CDL to pull a gooseneck trailer?

Yes, a gooseneck trailer will require a CDL if used for commercial purposes. and the gross combined weight exceeds 26,000 pounds. For use less than this weight for personal use, a CDL is not required.

Final thoughts

Now you have a complete answer to the question “What is a CDL”. This license is not a qualification, it is a key to diverse job opportunities and a rewarding career in the high-demand industry like commercial driving. By understanding all key information, along with proper preparation and training, you can successfully obtain your CDL license. Start your journey today and hit the road as a professional commercial driver in the U.S. tomorrow! Good luck!


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